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The composite is then converted into an AP score of 1-5 using a scale for that year's exam. [5] Students generally receive their scores by mail in mid-July of the year they took the test. Scores can be viewed on the College Board website using My AP. Alternatively, they can receive their scores by phone as early as July 1 for a fee. [6]
In the TE framework, the entailing and entailed texts are termed text (t) and hypothesis (h), respectively.Textual entailment is not the same as pure logical entailment – it has a more relaxed definition: "t entails h" (t ⇒ h) if, typically, a human reading t would infer that h is most likely true. [1]
In some cases, particularly with noun and adjective phrases, it is not always clear which dependents are to be classed as complements, and which as adjuncts.Although in principle the head-directionality parameter concerns the order of heads and complements only, considerations of head-initiality and head-finality sometimes take account of the position of the head in the phrase as a whole ...
The hypothesis is not universally applicable, with some rare counterexamples appearing in unusual circumstances. The unidirectionality hypothesis does not claim that linguistic change will occur in any particular instance, only that if it does occur, it will be in the direction of lexical word to grammatical word and not the other way around.
Advanced Placement (AP) International English Language (also known as APIEL) is an AP Examinations course managed by Educational Testing Service (ETS) with the sponsorship of the College Board in New York. [1] It is designed for non-native speakers to prepare for studying in an English-speaking university, particularly in North America.
Although studied in a unidirectional manner for many years, the bi-directional hypothesis was first described and tested in detail by Aravena et al. [1] These authors utilized the Action-Sentence Compatibility Effect (ACE), a task commonly used to study the relationship between action and language, to test the effects of performing simultaneous ...
Advanced Placement (AP) examinations are exams offered in United States by the College Board and are taken each May by students. The tests are the culmination of year-long Advanced Placement (AP) courses, which are typically offered at the high school level. AP exams (with few exceptions [1]) have a multiple-choice section and a free-response ...
The document based question was first used for the 1973 AP United States History Exam published by the College Board, created as a joint effort between Development Committee members Reverend Giles Hayes and Stephen Klein. Both were unhappy with student performance on free-response essays, and often found that students were "groping for half ...