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The Tanner scale remains the gold standard for determining pubarche. In clinical settings, this scale is primarily used by physicians, nurses, or other trained healthcare providers as part of a physical examination to assess the stage of puberty in children and adolescents, though in some cases the stage of puberty can be self-assessed. [4]
The Tanner scale (also known as the Tanner stages or sexual maturity rating (SMR)) is a scale of physical development as pre-pubescent children transition into adolescence, and then adulthood. The scale defines physical measurements of development based on external primary and secondary sex characteristics , such as the size of the breasts ...
Tanner Scale of female breast development Thelarche , also known as breast budding, is the onset of secondary breast development , often representing the beginning of pubertal development. [ 1 ] It is the stage at which male and female breasts differentiate due to variance in hormone levels; however, some males have a condition in which they ...
In males, gonadarche is determined with testicular volume greater than 3 mL, genital stage greater than or equal to 2, or pubarche, which is defined as pubic hair stage greater than or equal to 2. If testicular volumes of the 2 testes are not equal, the larger testis measurement is used.
Pubarche; Spermarche; Menopause, the equivalent opposite change at the end of the child-bearing years; Andropause; Delayed puberty; Lina Medina, who had her menarche at age 8 months and is the youngest mother in history
Sexual differentiation is the process of development of the sex differences between males and females from an undifferentiated zygote. [1] [2] Sex determination is often distinct from sex differentiation; sex determination is the designation for the development stage towards either male or female, while sex differentiation is the pathway towards the development of the phenotype.
Virilization or masculinization is the biological development of adult male characteristics in young males or females. [1] Most of the changes of virilization are produced by androgens.
Pregnancy-associated hormones such as hCG and sex steroids regulate numerous biological processes in the maternal system prior to and during pregnancy. The embryo orchestrates biological changes that occur in both the embryo and the mother.