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  2. Aerodynamic force - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamic_force

    There are two causes of aerodynamic force: [1]: §4.10 [2] [3]: 29 the normal force due to the pressure on the surface of the body; the shear force due to the viscosity of the gas, also known as skin friction. Pressure acts normal to the surface, and shear force acts parallel to the surface. Both forces act locally.

  3. Ground effect (aerodynamics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_effect_(aerodynamics)

    For an overloaded helicopter that can only hover IGE it may be possible to climb away from the ground by translating to forward flight first while in ground effect. [11] The ground-effect benefit disappears rapidly with speed but the induced power decreases rapidly as well to allow a safe climb. [ 12 ]

  4. Aircraft flight dynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_flight_dynamics

    The three axes of rotation in an aircraft. Flight dynamics is the science of air vehicle orientation and control in three dimensions. The three critical flight dynamics parameters are the angles of rotation in three dimensions about the vehicle's center of gravity (cg), known as pitch, roll and yaw.

  5. Aircraft flight mechanics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_flight_mechanics

    Aircraft flight mechanics are relevant to fixed wing (gliders, aeroplanes) and rotary wing (helicopters) aircraft. An aeroplane ( airplane in US usage), is defined in ICAO Document 9110 as, "a power-driven heavier than air aircraft, deriving its lift chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on surface which remain fixed under given conditions of flight".

  6. Flight - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight

    Flight dynamics is the science of air and space vehicle orientation and control in three dimensions. The three critical flight dynamics parameters are the angles of rotation in three dimensions about the vehicle's center of mass, known as pitch, roll and yaw (See Tait-Bryan rotations for an explanation).

  7. Load factor (aeronautics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_factor_(aeronautics)

    The load factor, and in particular its sign, depends not only on the forces acting on the aircraft, but also on the orientation of its vertical axis. During straight and level flight, the load factor is +1 if the aircraft is flown "the right way up", [2]: 90 whereas it becomes −1 if the aircraft is flown "upside-down" (inverted). In both ...

  8. Aeronautics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautics

    He identified the four vector forces that influence an aircraft: thrust, lift, drag and weight and distinguished stability and control in his designs. He developed the modern conventional form of the fixed-wing aeroplane having a stabilising tail with both horizontal and vertical surfaces, flying gliders both unmanned and manned.

  9. Aeroelasticity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroelasticity

    divergence where the aerodynamic forces increase the twist of a wing which further increases forces; control reversal where control activation produces an opposite aerodynamic moment that reduces, or in extreme cases reverses, the control effectiveness; and; flutter which is uncontained vibration that can lead to the destruction of an aircraft.