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In electrochemistry, the Nernst equation is a chemical thermodynamical relationship that permits the calculation of the reduction potential of a reaction (half-cell or full cell reaction) from the standard electrode potential, absolute temperature, the number of electrons involved in the redox reaction, and activities (often approximated by concentrations) of the chemical species undergoing ...
For a cell reaction characterized by the chemical equation: O x + n e − ↔ R e d {\displaystyle Ox+ne^{-}\leftrightarrow Red} at constant temperature and pressure, the thermodynamic voltage (minimum voltage required to drive the reaction) is given by the Nernst equation :
He constructed an equation, known as Nernst equation, which related the voltage of a cell to its properties. [ 16 ] In 1898, Fritz Haber showed that definite reduction products can result from electrolytic processes if the potential at the cathode is kept constant.
During the early development of electrochemistry, researchers used the normal hydrogen electrode as their standard for zero potential. This was convenient because it could actually be constructed by "[immersing] a platinum electrode into a solution of 1 N strong acid and [bubbling] hydrogen gas through the solution at about 1 atm pressure".
Of the two half reactions, the oxidation step is the most demanding because it requires the coupling of 4 electron and proton transfers and the formation of an oxygen-oxygen bond. This process occurs naturally in plants photosystem II to provide protons and electrons for the photosynthesis process and release oxygen to the atmosphere, [ 1 ] as ...
Nernst was inspired by the dissociation theory of Arrhenius published in 1887, which relied on ions in solution. [10] In 1889 he realized the similarity between electrochemical and chemical equilibria, and formulated his equation that correctly predicted the output voltage of various electrochemical cells based on liquid electrolytes from the ...
Hydrogen bond ; Ionic bonding Metallic bonding ... Standard hydrogen electrode; Nernst equation; Standard electrode potential. Galvanic series; Reactivity series ...
The Nernst–Planck equation is a conservation of mass equation used to describe the motion of a charged chemical species in a fluid medium. It extends Fick's law of diffusion for the case where the diffusing particles are also moved with respect to the fluid by electrostatic forces. [1] [2] It is named after Walther Nernst and Max Planck.