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Pyramidal signs can be a result from different types of damage to the brain or spinal cord, such as strokes, infections, tumors, hemorrhagic events, multiple sclerosis, or trauma. [ 4 ] Parkinsonian-Pyramidal syndrome (PPS) is a combination of both pyramidal and parkinsonian signs that manifest in various neurodegenerative diseases.
A BI-RADS classification of 4 or 5 warrants biopsy to further evaluate the offending lesion. [3] Some experts believe that the single BI-RADS 4 classification does not adequately communicate the risk of cancer to doctors and recommend a subclassification scheme: [4] 4A: low suspicion of malignancy, about > 2% to ≤ 10% likelihood of malignancy
Patients with non-giant congenital melanocytic nevi seem to have a much lower, but undefined risk. Of these patients, only a small number are symptomatic, usually displaying symptoms before the age of 2. [6] These symptoms are the result of melanocytic lesions being present in the leptomeninges of the central nervous system. [3] Symptoms can ...
BI-RADS 3 indicates probably benign. [53] BI-RADS 4 indicates suspicious for malignancy. BI-RADS 5 indicates highly suggestive of malignancy. BI-RADS 6 is for biopsy-proven breast cancer. [54] BI-RADS 3, 4 and 5 assessments on screening mammograms require further investigation with a second "diagnostic" study. The latter is a more detailed ...
Symptoms generally occur alongside other sensory problems. Causes may include disorders such as strokes , [ 8 ] cerebral palsy , [ 9 ] [ 10 ] subdural hemorrhage , abscesses and tumours , neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple system atrophy , inflammation such as meningitis and multiple sclerosis , and trauma to the spinal cord, including ...
Symptoms, if they do occur, are usually related to large hemangiomas, trauma, the hormonal and hemodynamic changes of pregnancy (causing intra-spinal bleeding), or osseous expansion and extra-osseous extension into surround soft tissues or epidural region of the spinal canal. [4] [6] [7] [8] [9]
These lesions can be caused by trauma to the neck, occlusion of the spinal artery, tumors, disc compression, vitamin B12 deficiency, syphilis, or multiple sclerosis. [3] Despite these numerous pathological pathways, the result is an interruption in transmission of sensory information and motor commands from the brain to the periphery.
Most cases of AD occur in individuals with spinal cord injuries. [3] Lesions at or above the T6 spinal cord level are more frequently reported, although there are reports of AD in patients with lesions as low as T10. [4] [5] Guillain–Barré syndrome may also cause autonomic dysreflexia. [6]