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A BI-RADS classification of 4 or 5 warrants biopsy to further evaluate the offending lesion. [3] Some experts believe that the single BI-RADS 4 classification does not adequately communicate the risk of cancer to doctors and recommend a subclassification scheme: [4] 4A: low suspicion of malignancy, about > 2% to ≤ 10% likelihood of malignancy
BI-RADS 3 indicates probably benign. [53] BI-RADS 4 indicates suspicious for malignancy. BI-RADS 5 indicates highly suggestive of malignancy. BI-RADS 6 is for biopsy-proven breast cancer. [54] BI-RADS 3, 4 and 5 assessments on screening mammograms require further investigation with a second "diagnostic" study. The latter is a more detailed ...
The distribution of the lesions could be linked to the clinical evolution [25] Post-mortem autopsies reveal that gray matter demyelination occurs in the motor cortex, cingulate gyrus, cerebellum, thalamus and spinal cord. [26] Cortical lesions have been observed specially in people with SPMS but they also appear in RRMS and clinically isolated ...
Vertebral hemangiomas or haemangiomas (VHs) are a common vascular lesion found within the vertebral body of the thoracic and lumbar spine.These are predominantly benign lesions that are often found incidentally during radiology studies for other indications and can involve one or multiple vertebrae.
The terms "Tarlov cyst" or "sacral perineural cyst" refer to cystic lesions of the spinal meninges with innervation as well as nerve sheath dilatations with subarachnoid communication. While they were once thought to be a histopathological finding, [ 10 ] they can be radiologically confirmed by specialized time lapsed MRI and CT imaging ...
For example, it can be used in brain imaging to suppress cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) effects on the image, so as to bring out the periventricular hyperintense lesions, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques. [1] It was invented by Graeme Bydder, Joseph Hajnal, and Ian Young in the early 1990s. [2]
The spinal cord lesion or the scarring due to surgery may result in a tethered spinal cord. In some individuals, this causes significant traction and stress on the spinal cord and can lead to a worsening of associated paralysis, scoliosis , back pain, and worsening bowel and/or bladder function.
For those children with spinal cord diseases, lumbar puncture may damage the spinal cord due to possibility of tethered spinal cord syndrome where the spinal cord is located below than the usual spinal termination level. [3] Therefore, lumbar puncture should be done at the lowest position as possible for such cases. However, spinal cord injury ...