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Twenty 3-fold vertices, thirty 2-fold lines, and twelve 5-fold vertices exist per capsid, the latter corresponding to the 12 vertices of the icosahedron. [ 2 ] Typical features of the capsid surface include depressions at each 2-fold axis, elevated protrusions surrounding the 3-fold axes, and raised cylindrical projections made of five beta ...
During viral maturation, the Gag polyprotein is cleaved by the retroviral protease into several corresponding structural proteins, yielding the matrix (MA), capsid (CA), and nucleocapsid (NC) proteins, and some smaller peptides. Gag-derived proteins govern the entire assembly and release of the virus particles, with matrix proteins playing key ...
[2] [13] In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with about an equal mass of histone proteins in a highly condensed nucleoprotein complex called chromatin . [ 14 ] Deoxyribonucleoproteins in this kind of complex interact to generate a multiprotein regulatory complex in which the intervening DNA is looped or wound.
The capsid faces may consist of one or more proteins. For example, the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid has faces consisting of three proteins named VP1–3. [6] Some viruses are enveloped, meaning that the capsid is coated with a lipid membrane known as the viral envelope.
Inside the envelope, there is the nucleocapsid, which is formed from multiple copies of the nucleocapsid (N) protein, which are bound to the positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome in a continuous beads-on-a-string type conformation. [49] [56] N protein is a phosphoprotein of 43 to 50 kDa in size, and is divided into three conserved domains.
Viral matrix proteins are structural proteins linking the viral envelope with the virus core.They play a crucial role in virus assembly, and interact with the RNP complex as well as with the viral membrane.
The nucleocapsid (N) protein is a protein that packages the positive-sense RNA genome of coronaviruses to form ribonucleoprotein structures enclosed within the viral capsid. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The N protein is the most highly expressed of the four major coronavirus structural proteins . [ 2 ]
Entry via the endosome guarantees low pH and exposure to proteases which are needed to open the viral capsid and release the genetic material inside the host cytoplasm. Further, endosomes transport the virus through the cell and ensure that no trace of the virus is left on the surface, which could otherwise trigger immune recognition by the host.