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The Atman theory in Upanishads had a profound impact on ancient ethical theories and dharma traditions now known as Hinduism. [85] The earliest Dharmasutras of Hindus recite Atman theory from the Vedic texts and Upanishads, [87] and on its foundation build precepts of dharma, laws and ethics.
Cognates (Sanskrit: आत्मन्) ātman, Pāli atta, Old English æthm, and German Atem derive from the Indo-European root *ēt-men (breath).The word means "essence, breath, soul."
Ātman, meaning "Self", a philosophical concept common to all schools of Hindu philosophy; Ātman, attā or attan, a reference to the essential self . Anattā or anātman — "not-self", central concept in Buddhism
In Hinduism, Atman refers to the essence of human beings, the observing pure awareness or witness-consciousness. [4] [5] [105] [106] It is unaffected by ego, [107] [108] distinct from the individual being (jivanatman) embedded in material reality, and characterized by Ahamkara ('I-making'), mind (citta, manas), and all the defiling kleshas ...
The text opens with Sage Angiras stating Purusha manifests itself as three types of atman (Self): Ajayat-Atma or Bahya-atma or external atman (born self, body), Antar-Atma or the internal atman (individual soul), and the Param-atma or the highest atman (Brahman, the universal soul).
The statement "tat tvam asi" sheds the false notion that Atman is different from Brahman. [169] According toNakamura, the non-duality of atman and Brahman "is a famous characteristic of Sankara's thought, but it was already taught by Sundarapandya" [170] (c.600 CE or earlier). [171] Shankara cites Sundarapandya in his comments to Brahma Sutra ...
Paramatman (Sanskrit: परमात्मन्, IAST: Paramātman) or Paramātmā is the absolute Atman, or supreme Self, in various philosophies such as the Vedanta and Yoga schools in Hindu theology, as well as other Indian religions such as Sikhism.
It is the Atman, the unchangeable eternal Reality, Pure Consciousness, self-luminous and never itself an object of observation. [2] It is the timeless Being that witnesses the ceaseless flow and change in the world of thought and things.