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These proteins are taken up by antigen-presenting cells (APC) and degraded into small peptides. The peptides are inserted into a groove on HLA proteins that are part of major histocompatibility complexes (i.e. MHC) and presented to T-cell receptors (TCR) on nearby cytotoxic T cells (i.e. CD8 + T cells) or T helper cells (i.e. CD4 + T cells). T ...
Timing is important to wound healing. Critically, the timing of wound re-epithelialization can decide the outcome of the healing. [11] If the epithelization of tissue over a denuded area is slow, a scar will form over many weeks, or months; [12] [13] If the epithelization of a wounded area is fast, the healing will result in regeneration.
Wound dehiscence following an inguinal hernia repair. Wound dehiscence is a surgical complication in which a wound ruptures along a surgical incision . Risk factors include age, collagen disorder such as Ehlers–Danlos syndrome , diabetes , obesity , poor knotting or grabbing of stitches , and trauma to the wound after surgery.
Scar tissue is composed of the same protein as the tissue that it replaces, but the fiber composition of the protein is different; instead of a random basketweave formation of the collagen fibers found in normal tissue, in fibrosis the collagen cross-links and forms a pronounced alignment in a single direction. [1]
The most notable components of the cell that are targets of cell damage are the DNA and the cell membrane.. DNA damage: In human cells, both normal metabolic activities and environmental factors such as ultraviolet light and other radiations can cause DNA damage, resulting in as many as one million individual molecular lesions per cell per day.
Regulation proteins – regulate membrane vesicle targeting. Transmembrane proteins – including junctional adhesion molecule , occludin , and claudin . It is believed that claudin is the protein molecule responsible for the selective permeability between epithelial layers.
The Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) is a 502-amino acid protein expressed in cells of the hematopoietic system that in humans is encoded by the WAS gene. In the inactive state, WASp exists in an autoinhibited conformation with sequences near its C-terminus binding to a region near its N-terminus .
A stroke is a sudden loss of brain function due to either a blood clot or blood leakage in the brain. Often, a stroke seriously debilitates the patient. However, in those patients that do regain some brain function in affected areas, down-regulations of CSPGs are shown to occur.