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Pneumomediastinum can also be characterized by the shortness of breath that is typical of a respiratory system problem. It is often recognized on auscultation by a "crunching" sound timed with the cardiac cycle ( Hamman's crunch ).
Hamman's syndrome, also known as Macklin's syndrome, is a syndrome of spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema [1] (air in the subcutaneous tissues of the skin) and pneumomediastinum (air in the mediastinum, the center of the chest cavity), sometimes associated with pain and, less commonly, dyspnea (difficulty breathing), dysphonia, and a low-grade fever.
Decompression sickness (DCS; also called divers' disease, the bends, aerobullosis, and caisson disease) is a medical condition caused by dissolved gases emerging from solution as bubbles inside the body tissues during decompression.
Air may travel upward to the neck from a pneumomediastinum that results from a bronchial rupture, or downward from a torn trachea or larynx into the soft tissues of the chest. [13] It may also occur with fractures of the facial bones, neoplasms, during asthma attacks, as an adverse effect of the Heimlich maneuver, and during childbirth. [5]
A chest radiograph of a flail chest associated with right sided pulmonary contusion and subcutaneous emphysema. Diagnosis is by physical examination performed by a physician. The diagnosis may be assisted or confirmed by use of medical imaging with either plain X ray or CT scan. Paradoxial movements of flail segments.
Normally, bone continuously breaks down and rebuilds—old bone is resorbed and replaced with new bone. The process keeps the skeleton strong and helps it to maintain a balance of minerals. [ 23 ] In the course of avascular necrosis, however, the healing process is usually ineffective and the bone tissues break down faster than the body can ...
Dysbaric osteonecrosis or DON is a form of avascular necrosis where there is death of a portion of the bone that is thought to be caused by nitrogen (N 2) embolism (blockage of the blood vessels by a bubble of nitrogen coming out of solution) in divers. [1]
[26] [26] Examples include a severe crush injury or an open or closed fracture of an extremity. [26] Rarely, ACS can develop after a minor injury or another medical issue. [12] It can also affect the thigh, buttock, hand, abdomen, and foot. [19] [14] The most common cause of acute compartment syndrome is a fractured bone, usually the tibia.