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Stretching lineations record primarily the vector of greatest stretch, which is perpendicular to the principle plane of shortening. A stretching lineation may be visualised as a ball of treacle (molasses) which, when pulled, forms a cigar-shaped rod parallel to the direction in which it is pulled.
A sample of cursive handwriting on ruled paper showing the four lines associated with lineation. In Western handwriting, lineation is the particular spacing between the baseline and the median or mean line (a distance known as the x-height or corpus size), the height of the ascenders, and the depth of the descenders.
Detail from Zaner's 1896 article: The Line of Direction in Writing [3] A major factor contributing to the development of the Zaner-Bloser teaching script was Zaner's study of the body movements required to create the form of cursive letters when using the 'muscular arm method' of handwriting – such as the Palmer Method – which was prevalent in the United States from the late 19th century.
Lineation may refer to: Lineation (handwriting), use of consistent spacing and letter size in Western handwriting to produce straight lines; Lineation (geology), linear structural features within rocks Parting lineation; Lineation (poetry), the selective arrangement of text into poetic lines
Alphabet and numerals from The Palmer Method of Business Writing. The method developed around 1888 and was introduced in the book Palmer's Guide to Business Writing (1894). [3] Palmer's method involved "muscle motion" in which the more proximal muscles of the arm were used for movement, rather than allowing the fingers to move in writing.
Typographers also speak of an instroke, where one starts writing the letter, as at the top of a c f, and an outstroke, where the pen leaves off, as at the bottom of c e j k t y. [5] A main vertical stroke is a stem. The letter m has three, the left, middle, and right stems.
Spencerian script, a form of cursive handwriting, was also widely integrated into the school system as an instructional method until the "simpler" Palmer Method replaced it. President James A. Garfield called the Spencerian script, "the pride of our country and the model of our schools."
Letter spacing, character spacing or tracking is an optically consistent typographical adjustment to the space between letters to change the visual density of a line or block of text. Letter spacing is distinct from kerning , which adjusts the spacing of particular pairs of adjacent characters such as "7."