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If only diseconomies of scale existed, then the long-run average cost-minimizing firm size would be one worker, producing the minimal possible level of output. However, economies of scale also apply, which state that large firms can have lower per-unit costs due to buying at bulk discounts (components, insurance, real estate, advertising, etc.) and can also limit competition by buying out ...
The formulas are not correct if the firm follows a constant leverage policy, i.e. the firm rebalances its capital structure so that debt capital remains at a constant percentage of equity capital, which is a more common and realistic assumption than a fixed dollar debt (Brealey, Myers, Allen, 2010). If the firm is assumed to rebalance its debt ...
Optimal tax theory or the theory of optimal taxation is the study of designing and implementing a tax that maximises a social welfare function subject to economic constraints. [1] The social welfare function used is typically a function of individuals' utilities , most commonly some form of utilitarian function, so the tax system is chosen to ...
A tax shield is the reduction in income taxes that results from taking an allowable deduction from taxable income. [1] For example, because interest on debt is a tax-deductible expense, taking on debt creates a tax shield. [ 1 ]
Under certain natural assumptions, it is proved that the optimal linear tax has a>0, i.e., it provides a positive lump-sum to individuals with zero income. This coincides with the idea of universal basic income. Additionally, the optimal tax rate is bounded above by a fraction that decreases with the minimum elasticity of the labour supply.
Optimal capital income taxation is a subarea of optimal tax theory which studies the design of taxes on capital income such that a given economic criterion like utility is optimized. [ 1 ] Some have theorized that the optimal capital income tax is zero.
The funds added net new assets of about $900 million during the first quarter of 2024, with Europe seeing $11 billion in fund inflows, while the U.S. saw record outflows of $8.8 billion and Japan ...
A professional investor contemplating a change to the capital structure of a firm (e.g., through a leveraged buyout) first evaluates a firm's fundamental earnings potential (reflected by earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization and EBIT), and then determines the optimal use of debt versus equity (equity value).