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After various betas and release candidates numbered 1.1, on December 7, 2007, Groovy 1.1 Final was released and immediately renumbered as Groovy 1.5 to reflect the many changes made. In 2007, Groovy won the first prize at JAX 2007 innovation award. [10] In 2008, Grails, a Groovy web framework, won the second prize at JAX 2008 innovation award. [11]
NetKernel was started at Hewlett-Packard Labs in 1999. It was conceived by Dr. Russ Perry, Dr. Royston Sellman and Dr. Peter Rodgers as a general purpose XML operating environment that could address the needs of the exploding interest in XML dialects for intra-industry XML messaging.
There are two previous major description languages: WSDL 2.0 (Web Services Description Language) and WADL (Web Application Description Language). Neither is widely adopted in the industry for describing RESTful APIs, citing poor human readability of both and WADL being actually unable to fully describe a RESTful API.
Duck typing is similar to, but distinct from, structural typing.Structural typing is a static typing system that determines type compatibility and equivalence by a type's structure, whereas duck typing is dynamic and determines type compatibility by only that part of a type's structure that is accessed during runtime.
Grails is an open source web application framework that uses the Apache Groovy [2]: 757, §18 programming language (which is in turn based on the Java platform).It is intended to be a high-productivity framework by following the "coding by convention" paradigm, providing a stand-alone development environment and hiding much of the configuration detail from the developer.
A REST client needs little to no prior knowledge about how to interact with an application or server beyond a generic understanding of hypermedia. By contrast, clients and servers in Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) interact through a fixed interface shared through documentation or an interface description language (IDL).
An example of a popular web API is the Astronomy Picture of the Day API operated by the American space agency NASA. It is a server-side API used to retrieve photographs of space or other images of interest to astronomers, and metadata about the images. According to the API documentation, [15] the API has one endpoint:
Python 3.0, released in 2008, was a major revision not completely backward-compatible with earlier versions. Python 2.7.18, released in 2020, was the last release of Python 2. [37] Python consistently ranks as one of the most popular programming languages, and has gained widespread use in the machine learning community. [38] [39] [40] [41]