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Pulmonary (or pulmonic [4]) regurgitation (or insufficiency, incompetence) is a condition in which the pulmonary valve is incompetent [5] and allows backflow from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle of the heart during diastole. [6] While a small amount of backflow may occur ordinarily, it is usually only shown on an echocardiogram and ...
pulmonary regurgitation A Graham Steell murmur is a heart murmur typically associated with pulmonary regurgitation . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is a high pitched early diastolic murmur heard best at the left sternal edge in the second intercostal space with the patient in full inspiration , originally described in 1888.
The presence of this murmur is a good positive predictor for AR and the absence of this murmur strongly suggests the absence of AR. An Austin Flint murmur is usually associated with significant aortic regurgitation. Early diastolic Pulmonary regurgitation: Pulmonary regurgitation is most commonly due to pulmonary hypertension (Graham-Steell ...
Pulmonary valve stenosis is a crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur. One can hear it best at the left upper sternal border. It has association with a systolic ejection click that increases with inspiration. This finding results from an increased venous return to the right side of the heart. Pulmonary stenosis sometimes radiates to the left ...
Aortic regurgitation, though obvious using echocardiography visualization, usually does not produce an audible murmur. [ citation needed ] Stenosis of the mitral valve, if severe, also rarely produces an audible, low frequency soft rumbling murmur, best recognized by a practiced ear using high quality, especially electronically amplified ...
Pulmonary hypertension (PH or PHTN) is a condition of increased blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [7] Symptoms include shortness of breath, fainting, tiredness, chest pain, swelling of the legs, and a fast heartbeat. [7] [1] The condition may make it difficult to exercise. [7] Onset is typically gradual. [8]
Diagram of a pulmonary artery catheter in position. The pulmonary wedge pressure (PWP) (also called pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP), or cross-sectional pressure) is the pressure measured by wedging a pulmonary artery catheter with an inflated balloon into a small pulmonary arterial branch. [1]
The degree of pulmonary regurgitation with right or left ventricular dysfunction, as well as the level of pulmonary hypertension, are linked to an increased risk of pregnancy complications. [71] Fetal death is more likely in women who have moderate right ventricular hypertension or who have undergone a palliative shunt.