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Addition or subtraction is performed in a single step, with a turn of the crank. Multiplication and division are performed digit by digit on the multiplier or divisor digits, in a procedure equivalent to the familiar long multiplication and long division procedures taught in school.
To find the position of the decimal point in the final answer, one can draw a vertical line from the decimal point in 5.8, and a horizontal line from the decimal point in 2.13. (See picture for Step 4.) The grid diagonal through the intersection of these two lines then determines the position of the decimal point in the result. [2]
More formally, multiplying two n-digit numbers using long multiplication requires Θ(n 2) single-digit operations (additions and multiplications). When implemented in software, long multiplication algorithms must deal with overflow during additions, which can be expensive.
Karatsuba multiplication of az+b and cz+d (boxed), and 1234 and 567 with z=100. Magenta arrows denote multiplication, amber denotes addition, silver denotes subtraction and cyan denotes left shift. (A), (B) and (C) show recursion with z=10 to obtain intermediate values. The Karatsuba algorithm is a fast multiplication algorithm.
In the case of a negative 11, multiplier, or both apply the sign to the final product as per normal multiplication of the two numbers. A step-by-step example of 759 × 11: The ones digit of the multiplier, 9, is copied to the temporary result. result: 9; Add 5 + 9 = 14 so 4 is placed on the left side of the result and carry the 1. result: 49
The same is done for each digit of the multiplicand and the result in each case is shifted one position to the left. As a final step, all the individual products are added to arrive at the total product of the two multi-digit numbers. [69] Other techniques used for multiplication are the grid method and the lattice method. [70]
Schoolbook long multiplication Karatsuba algorithm 3-way Toom–Cook multiplication ()-way Toom–Cook multiplication ( ) Mixed-level Toom–Cook (Knuth 4.3.3 ...
The Schönhage–Strassen algorithm was the asymptotically fastest multiplication method known from 1971 until 2007. It is asymptotically faster than older methods such as Karatsuba and Toom–Cook multiplication, and starts to outperform them in practice for numbers beyond about 10,000 to 100,000 decimal digits. [2]
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