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Also playing a major role in consolidating and standardizing the Punjabi language, it served as the main medium of literacy in Punjab and adjoining areas for centuries when the earliest schools were attached to gurdwaras. [22] The first natively produced grammars of the Punjabi language were written in the 1860s in Gurmukhi. [33]
A Punjabi-language Quran, written with the Gurmukhi script, has been found in the village of Lande, in the Moga district of Punjab State. It is believed to be the oldest Quran in this script, at around 115 years old.
Punjabi-language manuscript of the Ekadashi Mahatam written in a Punjabi variant of Sharada script, ca.1200–1300. The earliest writings in Punjabi belong to the Nath Yogi era from the 9th to the 14th centuries. [1] They referred to God with various names such as "Alakh Nirajan" which are still prevalent in Punjabi vernacular. [1]
Shahmukhi (Shahmukhi: شاہ مُکھی, pronounced [ʃäː(ɦ)˦.mʊ.kʰiː], lit. ' from the Shah's or king's mouth ', Gurmukhi: ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁੱਖ਼ੀ) is the right-to-left abjad-based script developed from the Perso-Arabic alphabet used for the Punjabi language varieties, predominantly in Punjab, Pakistan.
Being the official script for Hindi, Devanagari is officially used in the Union Government of India as well as several Indian states where Hindi is an official language, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Mizoram, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand, and the Indian union territories of Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Dadra and Nagar Haveli ...
Hindi-Punjabi Kosh (Patiala, 1953) – a Hindi-Punjabi dictionary that was compiled by Sant Indar Singh Chakarvarti and published by the Punjabi Department, PEPSU, Patiala (now called the Languages Department of the Punjab Government). [6] It contains 862 large-sized, double-columned pages that provide Punjabi translations for 60,000 Hindi ...
Mahājanī, a script previously used for the Punjabi and Mārwāṛī, was taught to students from merchant and trading classes for business, and was similar to other accounting scripts like Sarrāfī ("of bankers"), Koṭhīvāl, and Baniauṭī ("of merchants"). Attested mostly from merchant documents, bills of exchange, and letters.
Langdi was a script commonly used by traders used to write Haryanvi, Punjabi, or Saraiki in the Indian subcontinent. [1] Bookkeepers, known as munīm (Hindi: मुनीम, Urdu: مُنِیم), would also keep records in this script. [1] Some scholars have claimed that Langdi is a form of Mahajani for writing in parts of Haryana. Its proper ...