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With the brain, this process happens early in development, again during puberty, and pregnancy probably reflects another wave of cortical refinement.” Increase in brain white matter during pregnancy
Similarly to nutritional intake, drugs consumed by the mother during pregnancy can affect the brain development of her fetus. There has been a great deal of research concerned with the damaging effects of prenatal drug use, and how exactly this use impairs future memory functioning of the child.
Cerebrovascular disease primarily occurs with advanced age; the risk for developing it goes up significantly after 65 years of age. CVD tends to occur earlier than Alzheimer's Disease (which is rare before the age of 80). [citation needed] In some countries such as Japan, CVD is more common than AD. [medical citation needed]
Brain growth is usually less affected than whole body weight or length. Several studies from developed nations have found that with the exception of extreme intrauterine growth retardation also affecting brain growth, and hypoxic injury, IUGR seems to have little or no measurable effect on mental performance and behavior in adolescence or
In human mothers there was a correlation between increased gray matter volume in the substantia nigra and positive emotional feelings towards the infant. [36] [37] Other changes such as menstrual cycle, [38] hydration, weight and nutrition [39] [40] may also be factors which trigger the maternal brain to change during pregnancy and postpartum.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is any disease involving the heart or blood vessels. [3] CVDs constitute a class of diseases that includes: coronary artery diseases (e.g. angina, heart attack), heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease ...
Each macronutrient can impact cognition through multiple mechanisms, including glucose and insulin metabolism, neurotransmitter actions, oxidative stress and inflammation, and the gut-brain axis. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Inadequate macronutrient consumption or proportion could impair optimal cognitive functioning and have long-term health implications.
The function of these shunts is to bypass the lungs and maintain proper circulation to important fetal tissue. In the fetal stage, the lungs fill with fluid and collapse because the fetus is within the amniotic sac and the placenta is providing the oxygen it needs to grow.