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Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that impairs the ability to regulate sleep–wake cycles, and specifically impacts REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. [1] The pentad symptoms of narcolepsy include excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), sleep-related hallucinations, sleep paralysis, disturbed nocturnal sleep (DNS), and cataplexy. [1]
The full mechanism of action of sodium oxybate is poorly understood. [ 3 ] [ 7 ] GHB is a normal metabolite of GABA that interacts with the GABA B receptor and the GHB receptor . [ 3 ] It has been shown to enhance the restorativeness of sleep in part by altering sleep architecture in narcoleptic patients.
Ramachandran created the mirror box to relieve pain by helping an amputee imagine motor control over a missing limb. Mirror therapy is now also widely used for treatment of motor disorders such as hemiplegia or cerebral palsy. As Deconick et al. state in a 2014 review, the mechanism of improved motor control and pain relief may differ from the ...
Pitolisant is indicated in adults for the treatment of narcolepsy. [3] [4] Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder that causes overwhelming daytime drowsiness. [4] Pitolisant is also indicated to improve alertness and reduce excessive daytime sleepiness in adults with obstructive sleep apnea. [5] [12]
A toroidal mirror is a reflector whose surface is a section of a torus, defined by two radii of curvature. [1] Such reflectors are easier to manufacture than mirrors with a surface described by a paraboloid or ellipsoid.
Solriamfetol is used to promote wakefulness in the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy or obstructive sleep apnea in adults. [1] It appears to be more effective in improving excessive daytime sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea than certain other wakefulness-promoting agents including modafinil, armodafinil, and pitolisant.
A number of clinicians prescribe it for DSPD patients, as it may improve a sleep-deprived patient's ability to function adequately during socially desirable hours. It is generally not recommended to take modafinil after noon; modafinil is a relatively long-acting drug with a half-life of 15 hours, and taking it during the later part of the day ...
Narcolepsy with cataplexy is considered an autoimmune-mediated disorder, so some therapies based on this hypothesis have been developed. Immunological therapies developed include: [ 20 ] Corticosteroids : after testing in 1 human and 1 canine case it proved to be ineffective so is less likely to be further used.