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Statistics is the theory and application of mathematics to the scientific method including hypothesis generation, experimental design, sampling, data collection, data summarization, estimation, prediction and inference from those results to the population from which the experimental sample was drawn.
The term statistics is ultimately derived from the Neo-Latin statisticum collegium ("council of state") and the Italian word statista ("statesman" or "politician"). The German Statistik , first introduced by Gottfried Achenwall (1749), originally designated the analysis of data about the state , signifying the "science of state" (then called ...
The Foundations of Statistics are the mathematical and philosophical bases for statistical methods. These bases are the theoretical frameworks that ground and justify methods of statistical inference , estimation , hypothesis testing , uncertainty quantification , and the interpretation of statistical conclusions.
When Don Zminda was the statistician for ESPN's Sunday Night Baseball in the 1990s, he spent most of his Sundays calculating reams of data that were written onto a stack of note cards for ...
Statistics, when used in a misleading fashion, can trick the casual observer into believing something other than what the data shows. That is, a misuse of statistics occurs when a statistical argument asserts a falsehood. In some cases, the misuse may be accidental. In others, it is purposeful and for the gain of the perpetrator.
The origin of the phrase "Lies, damned lies, and statistics" is unclear, but Mark Twain attributed it to Benjamin Disraeli [1] "Lies, damned lies, and statistics" is a phrase describing the persuasive power of statistics to bolster weak arguments, "one of the best, and best-known" critiques of applied statistics. [2]
Statistics is a mathematical body of science that pertains to the collection, analysis, interpretation or explanation, and presentation of data, [5] or as a branch of mathematics. [6] Some consider statistics to be a distinct mathematical science rather than a branch of mathematics. While many scientific investigations make use of data ...
For example, Dennis Lindely argues for the more general analysis of statistics as the study of uncertainty. [1] The subject involves the meaning, justification, utility, use and abuse of statistics and its methodology, and ethical and epistemological issues involved in the consideration of choice and interpretation of data and methods of ...