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2. USB-to-serial adapter - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB-to-serial_adapter

   A USB-to-serial adapter or simply USB adapter is a type of protocol converter that is used for converting USB data signals to and from serial communications standards (serial ports). Most commonly the USB data signals are converted to either RS-232 , RS-485 , RS-422 , or TTL-level UART serial data.

3. FTDI - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTDI

   It develops, manufactures, and supports devices and their related cables and software drivers for converting RS-232 or TTL serial transmissions to and from USB signals, in order to provide support for legacy devices with modern computers. [2]

4. RS-232 - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-232

   The standard specifies a maximum open-circuit voltage of 25 volts: signal levels of ±5 V, ±10 V, ±12 V, and ±15 V are all commonly seen depending on the voltages available to the line driver circuit. Many RS-232 driver chips have inbuilt charge pump circuitry to produce the required voltages from a 3 or 5 volt supply. RS-232 drivers and ...

5. USB communications device class - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_communications_device...

   With a vendor-supplied INF file, Windows Vista works with USB CDC and USB WMCDC devices. [1] This class can be used for industrial equipment such as CNC machinery to allow upgrading from older RS-232 serial controllers and robotics, since they can keep software compatibility. The device attaches to an RS-232 communications line and the ...

6. Serial port - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_port

   A converter from USB to an RS-232 compatible serial port—more than a physical transition, it requires a driver in the host system software and a built-in processor to emulate the functions of the IBM XT compatible serial port hardware.

7. Universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_asynchronous...

   Starting in the 2000s, most IBM PC compatible computers removed their external RS-232 COM ports and used USB ports that can send data faster. For users who still need RS-232 serial ports, external USB-to-UART bridges are now commonly used. They combine the hardware cables and a chip to do the USB and UART conversion.

8. Virtual COM port - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_COM_port

   The drivers for a software-implemented modem create a virtual serial port for communication with the host operating system, since the modem is implemented entirely in the device driver and therefore there is no point where the serial data would be sent to the physical card.

9. COM (hardware interface) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COM_(hardware_interface)

   After the RS-232 COM port was removed from most consumer-grade computers, an external USB-to-UART serial adapter cable was used to compensate for the loss. A major supplier of these chips is FTDI. [citation needed]