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  2. Glyoxylate cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyoxylate_cycle

    This acetate, bound to the active thiol group of coenzyme A, enters the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) where it is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide. This pathway thus allows cells to obtain energy from fat. To use acetate from fat for biosynthesis of carbohydrates, the glyoxylate cycle, whose initial reactions are identical to the TCA cycle, is ...

  3. Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyoxylate_and_dicarboxyl...

    Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism describes a variety of reactions involving glyoxylate or dicarboxylates.Glyoxylate is the conjugate base of glyoxylic acid, and within a buffered environment of known pH such as the cell cytoplasm these terms can be used almost interchangeably, as the gain or loss of a hydrogen ion is all that distinguishes them, and this can occur in the aqueous ...

  4. Glyoxylic acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyoxylic_acid

    Glyoxylic acid is one of several ketone- and aldehyde-containing carboxylic acids that together are abundant in secondary organic aerosols. In the presence of water and sunlight, glyoxylic acid can undergo photochemical oxidation. Several different reaction pathways can ensue, leading to various other carboxylic acid and aldehyde products. [31]

  5. Lipid peroxidation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_peroxidation

    Reactive aldehydes can also form Michael adducts or Schiff bases with thiol or amine groups in amino acid side chains. Thus, they are able to inactivate sensitive proteins through electrophilic stress. [11] The toxicity of lipid hydroperoxides to animals is best illustrated by the lethal phenotype of glutathione peroxidase 4 knockout mice ...

  6. Hopkins–Cole reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins–Cole_reaction

    The Hopkins-Cole reaction, also known as the glyoxylic acid reaction, is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of tryptophan in proteins. [1] A protein solution is mixed with Hopkins Cole reagent, which consists of glyoxylic acid. Concentrated sulfuric acid is slowly added to form two layers. A purple ring appears between the two ...

  7. Adamkiewicz reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamkiewicz_reaction

    The reaction relies on the interaction between glyoxylic acid and the indole ring of the amino acid tryptophan, a structural feature found in most proteins. When proteins are exposed to concentrated sulfuric acid and glyoxylic acid, the indole group undergoes a reaction that produces a highly colored compound.

  8. Glycolysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis

    NAD + is the oxidizing agent in glycolysis, as it is in most other energy yielding metabolic reactions (e.g. beta-oxidation of fatty acids, and during the citric acid cycle). The NADH thus produced is primarily used to ultimately transfer electrons to O 2 to produce water, or, when O 2 is not available, to produce compounds such as lactate or ...

  9. Beta oxidation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_oxidation

    Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase catalyzes the reaction between a fatty acid with ATP to give a fatty acyl adenylate, plus inorganic pyrophosphate, which then reacts with free coenzyme A to give a fatty acyl-CoA ester and AMP. If the fatty acyl-CoA has a long chain, then the carnitine shuttle must be utilized (shown in the table below):