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COBOL supports three file formats, or organizations: sequential, indexed and relative. In sequential files, records are contiguous and must be traversed sequentially , similarly to a linked list . Indexed files have one or more indexes which allow records to be randomly accessed and which can be sorted on them.
The initial COBOL compiler supported the ANSI 68 specification and supported the ENTER SYMBOLIC syntax to allow inline assembly language coding, but lacked support for RELATIVE and INDEXED file support; these were later added into the ANSI 74 version of the compiler, which was released in 1982.
Indexed Sequential Access Method (ISAM) is a method for creating, maintaining, and manipulating computer files of data so that records can be retrieved sequentially or randomly by one or more keys. Indexes of key fields are maintained to achieve fast retrieval of required file records in indexed files .
The following list contains syntax examples of how to determine the dimensions (index of the first element, the last element or the size in elements). Some languages index from zero. Some index from one. Some carry no such restriction, or even allow indexing by any enumerated type, not only integers.
Support for indexed files is built into COBOL [1] and PL/I. [2] Other languages with more limited I/O facilities such as C support indexed files through add-on packages in a runtime library such as C-ISAM. [3] Some of Digital's operating systems, such as OpenVMS, support indexed file I/O using the Record Management Services.
Virtual Storage Access Method (VSAM) [1] is an IBM direct-access storage device (DASD) file storage access method, first used in the OS/VS1, OS/VS2 Release 1 (SVS) and Release 2 (MVS) operating systems, later used throughout the Multiple Virtual Storage (MVS) architecture and now in z/OS.
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Use of IBM COBOL was so widespread that Capex Corporation, an independent software vendor, made a post-code generation phase object code optimizer for it. [3] The Capex Optimizer became a quite successful product. [4] Although the IBM COBOL Compiler Family web site [5] only mentions AIX, Linux, and z/OS, IBM still offers COBOL on z/VM and z/VSE.