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The Theraphosinae are a large subfamily of Mygalomorphae spiders in the family Theraphosidae found primarily in the Neotropical realm. Genera
The Minoan eruption had four phases. Phase 1 was a white to pink pumice fallout with dispersal axis trending ESE. The deposit has a maximum thickness of 6 m and ash flow layers are interbedded at the top. Phase 2 has ash and lapilli beds that are cross stratified with mega-ripples and dune-like structures. The deposit thicknesses vary from 10 ...
Petrological constraints on sulfur emission yielded a wide range from 1 × 10 13 to 1 × 10 15 g, depending on the existence of separate sulfur gas in the Toba magma chamber. [13] [14] The lower end of estimate is due to the low solubility of sulfur in the magma. [13] Ice core records estimate the sulfur emission on the order of 1 × 10 14 g. [15]
Magmatism is the emplacement of magma within and at the surface of the outer layers of a terrestrial planet, which solidifies as igneous rocks. It does so through magmatic activity or igneous activity, the production, intrusion and extrusion of magma or lava. Volcanism is the surface expression of magmatism.
During magma's storage in the crust, its composition may be modified by fractional crystallization, contamination with crustal melts, magma mixing, and degassing. Following its ascent through the crust, magma may feed a volcano and be extruded as lava, or it may solidify underground to form an intrusion, [8] such as a dike, a sill, a laccolith ...
Surtseyan eruption: 1 water vapor cloud, 2 cypressoid ash jet, 3 crater, 4 water, 5 layers of lava and ash, 6 stratum, 7 magma conduit, 8 magma chamber, 9 dike A Surtseyan eruption is an explosive style of volcanic eruption that takes place in shallow seas or lakes when rapidly rising and fragmenting hot magma interacts explosively with water ...
Magma chambers above a subducting plate. Magma rises through cracks from beneath and across the crust because it is less dense than the surrounding rock. When the magma cannot find a path upwards it pools into a magma chamber. These chambers are commonly built up over time, [4] [5] by successive horizontal [6] or vertical [7] magma injections
[12] [16] This reflects the action of magma intrusion and erupted as sheet intrusive layer such as sills, resulting in a slight increase in pressure but a great increase in temperature. [16] During retrograde metamorphism, near-isobaric cooling after the peak took place, indicating that the rock stays at the same position while the magma cools ...