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Like strict phylip format files, relaxed phylip format files can be in interleaved format and include spaces and endlines within the sequence data. The programs that use distance data, like the neighbor program that implements the neighbor-joining method, also use a simple distance matrix format the includes only the number of taxa, their names ...
The idea of evolution by natural selection was proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859, but evolutionary biology, as an academic discipline in its own right, emerged during the period of the modern synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s. [8] It was not until the 1980s that many universities had departments of evolutionary biology.
Evolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes such as natural selection, common descent, and speciation that produced the diversity of life on Earth.
Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. [1] [2] It occurs when evolutionary processes such as natural selection and genetic drift act on genetic variation, resulting in certain characteristics becoming more or less common within a population over successive generations. [3]
The NEXUS format also allows the storage of data that can facilitate analyses, such as sets of characters or taxa. Many popular phylogenetic programs, including PAUP*, [2] MrBayes, [3] Mesquite, [4] MacClade, [5] and SplitsTree, [6] use this format. Nexus file names typically have the extension .nxs or .nex.
These genes have been highly conserved through hundreds of millions of years of evolution. [1] Evolutionary developmental biology, informally known as evo-devo, is a field of biological research that compares the developmental processes of different organisms to infer how developmental processes evolved.
Inversion (evolutionary biology) – Hypothesis in developmental biology; Mosaic evolution – Evolution of characters at various rates both within and between species; Parallel evolution – Similar evolution in distinct species; Quantum evolution – Evolution where transitional forms are particularly unstable and do not last long
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