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The cost of representing a number N in a given base b can be defined as (,) = ⌊ + ⌋where we use the floor function ⌊ ⌋ and the base-b logarithm.. If both b and N are positive integers, then the quantity (,) is equal to the number of digits needed to express the number N in base b, multiplied by base b. [1]
Given real numbers x and y, integers m and n and the set of integers, floor and ceiling may be defined by the equations ⌊ ⌋ = {}, ⌈ ⌉ = {}. Since there is exactly one integer in a half-open interval of length one, for any real number x, there are unique integers m and n satisfying the equation
The Natural Area Code, this is the smallest base such that all of 1 / 2 to 1 / 6 terminate, a number n is a regular number if and only if 1 / n terminates in base 30. 32: Duotrigesimal: Found in the Ngiti language. 33: Use of letters (except I, O, Q) with digits in vehicle registration plates of Hong Kong. 34: Using all ...
Excel offers many user interface tweaks over the earliest electronic spreadsheets; however, the essence remains the same as in the original spreadsheet software, VisiCalc: the program displays cells organized in rows and columns, and each cell may contain data or a formula, with relative or absolute references to other cells. Excel 2.0 for ...
Of particular interest are the quater-imaginary base (base 2i) and the base −1 ± i systems discussed below, both of which can be used to finitely represent the Gaussian integers without sign. Base −1 ± i , using digits 0 and 1 , was proposed by S. Khmelnik in 1964 [ 3 ] and Walter F. Penney in 1965.
The digital sum in base b is an associative and commutative operation on the natural numbers; it has 0 as neutral element and every natural number has an inverse element under this operation. The natural numbers together with the base-b digital sum thus form an abelian group; this group is isomorphic to the direct sum of a countable number of ...
A number normal in base b is rich in base b, but not necessarily conversely. The real number x is rich in base b if and only if the set {x b n mod 1 : n ∈ N} is dense in the unit interval. [11] [12] We defined a number to be simply normal in base b if each individual digit appears with frequency 1 ⁄ b.
When p is a prime, p 2 is a Fermat pseudoprime to base b if and only if p is a Wieferich prime to base b. For example, 1093 2 = 1194649 is a Fermat pseudoprime to base 2, and 11 2 = 121 is a Fermat pseudoprime to base 3. The number of the values of b for n are (For n prime, the number of the values of b must be n − 1, since all b satisfy the ...