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An irreversible process increases the total entropy of the system and its surroundings. The second law of thermodynamics can be used to determine whether a hypothetical process is reversible or not. Intuitively, a process is reversible if there is no dissipation. For example, Joule expansion is irreversible because initially the system is not ...
In maximum parsimony, Dollo parsimony refers to a model whereby a characteristic is gained only one time and can never be regained if it is lost. [8] For example, the evolution and repeated loss of teeth in vertebrates could be well-modeled under Dollo parsimony, whereby teeth made from hydroxyapatite evolved only once at the origin of vertebrates, and were then lost multiple times, in birds ...
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Reversal theory is a structural, phenomenological theory of personality, motivation, and emotion in the field of psychology. [1] It focuses on the dynamic qualities of normal human experience to describe how a person regularly reverses between psychological states, reflecting their motivational style, the meaning they attach to a situation at a given time, and the emotions they experience.
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McGuire first divided the motivation into two main categories using two criteria: Is the mode of motivation cognitive or affective? Is the motive focused on preservation of the status quo or on growth? Then for each division in each category he stated there is two more basic elements.
The entropy-production rate of every process in nature is always positive or zero. This is an essential aspect of the second law. The Σ's indicate the algebraic sum of the respective contributions if there are more heat flows, matter flows, and internal processes.
The EPR paper concludes with a claim that this lack of separability meant that quantum mechanics as a theory of reality was incomplete. Schrödinger and Einstein exchanged letters about Einstein's EPR article , in the course of which Einstein pointed out that the state of an unstable keg of gunpowder will, after a while, contain a superposition ...