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The use of gold compounds has decreased since the 1980s because of numerous side effects and monitoring requirements, limited efficacy, and very slow onset of action. Most chemical compounds of gold, including some of the drugs discussed below, are not salts, but are examples of metal thiolate complexes.
Sodium aurothiomalate (INN, known in the United States as gold sodium thiomalate) is a gold compound that is used for its immunosuppressive anti-rheumatic effects. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Along with an orally-administered gold salt, auranofin , it is one of only two gold compounds currently employed in modern medicine.
Most drugs based on gold are Au(I) derivatives. [3] Au(III) (referred to as the auric) is a common oxidation state, and is illustrated by gold(III) chloride, Au 2 Cl 6. The gold atom centers in Au(III) complexes, like other d 8 compounds, are typically square planar, with chemical bonds that have both covalent and ionic character.
Gold nanoparticles that act as drug delivery systems in conjugation with chemotherapeutic drugs typically range in size from 10 to 100 nm. [ 2 ] Surface area plays a very important role in drug delivery and per mg of gold, as diameters decrease, the surface areas needed to transport drugs increase to the point where a single 1mL volume of 1.8 ...
In 1935, gold drugs were reported to be effective for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. [1] Although many patients reacted positively to the drug, gold thioglucose was not uniformly effective. Only one gold drug remains in active clinical use for this purpose in the United States: auranofin although sodium aurothiomalate (gold sodium ...
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Auranofin is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.It improves arthritis symptoms including painful or tender and swollen joints and morning stiffness. [5] Auranofin is a safer treatment compared to the more common injectable gold thiolates (gold sodium thiomalate and gold thioglucose), but meta-analysis of 66 clinical trials concluded that it is somewhat less effective.
Before administration, a lyophilized drug is reconstituted as a liquid before being administered. This is done by combining a liquid diluent with the freeze-dried powder, mixing, then injecting. Reconstitution usually requires a reconstitution and delivery system to ensure that the drug is correctly mixed and administered.