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  2. Alpha decay - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_decay

    One curiosity is why alpha particles, helium nuclei, should be preferentially emitted as opposed to other particles like a single proton or neutron or other atomic nuclei. [note 1] Part of the reason is the high binding energy of the alpha particle, which means that its mass is less than the sum of the masses of two free protons and two free ...

  3. Decay scheme - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decay_scheme

    The decay scheme of a radioactive substance is a graphical presentation of all the transitions occurring in a decay, and of their relationships. Examples are shown below. It is useful to think of the decay scheme as placed in a coordinate system, where the vertical axis is energy, increasing from bottom to top, and the horizontal axis is the proton number, increasing from left to right.

  4. Radiation protection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_protection

    Distance can be as simple as handling a source with forceps rather than fingers. For example, if a problem arises during fluoroscopic procedure step away from the patient if feasible. Shielding: Sources of radiation can be shielded with solid or liquid material, which absorbs the energy of the radiation. The term 'biological shield' is used for ...

  5. Stopping power (particle radiation) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopping_power_(particle...

    In nuclear and materials physics, stopping power is the retarding force acting on charged particles, typically alpha and beta particles, due to interaction with matter, resulting in loss of particle kinetic energy. [1] [2] Stopping power is also interpreted as the rate at which a material absorbs the kinetic energy of a charged particle.

  6. Alpha particle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_particle

    Secondly, he found the charge-to-mass ratio of alpha particles to be half that of the hydrogen ion. Rutherford proposed three explanations: 1) an alpha particle is a hydrogen molecule (H 2) with a charge of 1 e; 2) an alpha particle is an atom of helium with a charge of 2 e; 3) an alpha particle is half a helium atom with a charge of 1 e.

  7. Bethe formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethe_formula

    The corrections mentioned have been built into the programs PSTAR and ASTAR, for example, by which one can calculate the stopping power for protons and alpha particles. [6] The corrections are large at low energy and become smaller and smaller as energy is increased. At very high energies, Fermi's density correction [5] has to be added.

  8. Geiger–Nuttall law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger–Nuttall_law

    It will constantly bounce from one side to the other, and due to the possibility of quantum tunneling by the wave through the potential barrier, each time it bounces, there will be a small likelihood for it to escape. A knowledge of this quantum mechanical effect enables one to obtain this law, including coefficients, via direct calculation. [4]

  9. Range (particle radiation) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_(particle_radiation)

    The range of alpha particles in ambient air amounts to only several centimeters; this type of radiation can therefore be stopped by a sheet of paper. Although beta particles scatter much more than alpha particles, a range can still be defined; it frequently amounts to several hundred centimeters of air.