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The syndrome is a rare but potentially fatal cause of failure to thrive in children. Failure to thrive presents on average at seven months of age. [1] Of note the syndrome is not associated with developmental delay. [2] There may be associated hydrocephalus. [citation needed] Diencephalic syndrome was first described by Dr. A. Russell in 1951. [3]
Cerebral hypoxia can also be classified by the cause of the reduced brain oxygen: [23] Hypoxic hypoxia – Limited oxygen in the environment causes reduced brain function. Divers, aviators, [24] Mountain climbers and firefighters are all at risk for this kind of cerebral hypoxia. The term also includes oxygen deprivation due to obstructions in ...
Since the 1960s, laws governing the determination of death have been implemented in all countries that have active organ transplantation programs. The first European country to adopt brain death as a legal definition (or indicator) of death was Finland in 1971, while in the United States, the state of Kansas had enacted a similar law earlier. [9]
The diencephalon is the region of the embryonic vertebrate neural tube that gives rise to anterior forebrain structures including the thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior portion of the pituitary gland, and the pineal gland. The diencephalon encloses a cavity called the third ventricle.
Brain ischemia has been linked to a variety of diseases or abnormalities. Individuals with sickle cell anemia, compressed blood vessels, ventricular tachycardia, plaque buildup in the arteries, blood clots, extremely low blood pressure as a result of heart attack, and congenital heart defects have a higher predisposition to brain ischemia in comparison to the average population.
Brain death refers to an irreversible total loss of brain function. [200] [201] This is characterised by coma, loss of reflexes, and apnoea, [200] however, the declaration of brain death varies geographically and is not always accepted. [201] In some countries there is also a defined syndrome of brainstem death. [202]
Brain death is sometimes used as a legal definition of death. [15] For all organisms with a brain, death can instead be focused on this organ. [16] [17] The cause of death is usually considered important, and an autopsy can be done. There are many causes, from accidents to diseases.
Brainstem death is a clinical syndrome defined by the absence of reflexes with pathways through the brainstem – the "stalk" of the brain, which connects the spinal cord to the mid-brain, cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres – in a deeply comatose, ventilator-dependent patient.