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Cholangiography: Imaging the bile ducts within the liver to look for areas of blockage. Biopsy: Taking of a tissue sample from the area of interest for pathological examination from a percutaneous or transvenous approach. [4] Fine-needle aspiration: obtaining cells from a tissue or organ under ultrasound guidance.
Occasionally, liver biopsy is required to monitor the progress of treatment, such as in chronic viral hepatitis. [1] It is an effective way to measure changes in the Ishak fibrosis score. [3] For the last century liver biopsy has been considered as the gold standard for assessing the stage and the grade of chronic liver disease.
For liver fibrosis assessment, percutaneous liver biopsy, with or without image guidance, is contraindicated in uncooperative people. [70] Transjugular liver biopsy is indicated for any person with diffuse liver disease who needs a biopsy but has a contraindication to percutaneous biopsy or needs a hemodynamic evaluation for diagnostic purposes.
Small biopsies can be made with a pincer (biopsy forceps) which is passed through the scope and allows sampling of 1 to 3 mm pieces of tissue under direct vision. The intestinal mucosa heals quickly from such biopsies. Clinical practice varies with respect to routine biopsy for histological analysis of the examined upper gastrointestinal system.
The region can be directly visualized with the endoscopic camera while various procedures are performed. A plastic catheter or cannula is inserted through the ampulla, and radiocontrast is injected into the bile ducts and/or pancreatic duct. Fluoroscopy is used to look for blockages, or other lesions such as stones. [8] [9]
hepat- : related to the liver, from the latin hēpatītis, from the latin hēpar, Greek loanword, originally ηπαρ, hēpar, meaning "liver" hyster- : related to the uterus, from Neo-Latin hysteria, itself ultimately from the Greek ύστέρα, hústéra, meaning "womb, uterus" lamino- : related to the lamina (posterior aspect of vertebra)
A liver support system or diachysis is a type of therapeutic device to assist in performing the functions of the liver. Such systems focus either on removing the accumulating toxins (liver dialysis), or providing additional replacement of the metabolic functions of the liver through the inclusion of hepatocytes to the device (bioartificial liver device).
A contrast medium is injected into a bile duct in the liver, after which X-rays are taken. It allows access to the biliary tree in cases where endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography has been unsuccessful. Initially reported in 1937, the procedure became popular in 1952. [2] [3]