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[3] [4]: 5 [2]: 458 The biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. [5] "Ecosystem processes" are the transfers of energy and materials from one pool to another. [2]: 458 Ecosystem processes are known to "take place at a wide range of scales". Therefore, the correct scale of study depends on the ...
Ips grandicollis, known generally as eastern five-spined engraver, is a species of typical bark beetle in the family Curculionidae. Other common names include the eastern five-spined ip and southern pine engraver .
The cost of this investment in natural capital was estimated at $1–1.5 billion, which contrasted dramatically with the estimated $6–8 billion cost of constructing a water filtration plant plus the $300 million annual running costs. [20]
Marine Isotope Stage 5 or MIS 5 is a marine isotope stage in the geologic temperature record, between 130,000 and 80,000 years ago. [1] Sub-stage MIS 5e corresponds to the Last Interglacial , also called the Eemian (in Europe) or Sangamonian (in North America), the last major interglacial period before the Holocene , which extends to the ...