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Chloranil is a quinone with the molecular formula C 6 Cl 4 O 2. Also known as tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone, it is a yellow solid. Also known as tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone, it is a yellow solid. Like the parent benzoquinone, chloranil is a planar molecule [ 2 ] that functions as a mild oxidant.
Mass fraction can also be expressed, with a denominator of 100, as percentage by mass (in commercial contexts often called percentage by weight, abbreviated wt.% or % w/w; see mass versus weight). It is one way of expressing the composition of a mixture in a dimensionless size ; mole fraction (percentage by moles , mol%) and volume fraction ...
The very ambiguous terms "percent solution" and "percentage solutions" with no other qualifiers, continue to occasionally be encountered. This common usage of % to mean m/v in biology is because of many biological solutions being dilute and water-based, an aqueous solution. Liquid water has a density of approximately 1 g/cm 3 (1 g/mL). Thus 100 ...
It is a red-orange solid. The compound is obtained by hydrolysis of chloranil: C 6 Cl 4 O 2 + 2 H 2 O → C 6 Cl 2 O 2 (OH) 2 + 2 HCl. It is centrosymmetric, planar molecule. It also crystallizes as a dihydrate. [2] Chloranilic acid is a noteworthy hydroxyquinone that is somewhat acidic owing to the presence of the two chloride substituents.
In chemistry, the lever rule is a formula used to determine the mole fraction (x i) or the mass fraction (w i) of each phase of a binary equilibrium phase diagram.It can be used to determine the fraction of liquid and solid phases for a given binary composition and temperature that is between the liquidus and solidus line.
Synthesis of DDQ involves cyanation of chloranil. J. Thiele and F. Günther first reported a 6-step preparation in 1906. [7] The substance did not receive interest until its potential as a dehydrogenation agent was discovered. A single-step chlorination from 2,3-dicyanohydroquinone was reported in 1965. [8]
It is the same concept as volume percent (vol%) except that the latter is expressed with a denominator of 100, e.g., 18%. The volume fraction coincides with the volume concentration in ideal solutions where the volumes of the constituents are additive (the volume of the solution is equal to the sum of the volumes of its ingredients).
Relative to benzoquinone, more strongly oxidizing quinones include chloranil and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (also known as DDQ). [6] The oxidizing power of quinones is enhanced by the presence of acids. [7] In acidic conditions, quinone undergoes two-electron and two-proton reduction to hydroquinone.