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  2. Spark (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_(mathematics)

    Equivalently, the spark of a matrix is the size of its smallest circuit (a subset of column indices such that = has a nonzero solution, but every subset of it does not [1]). If all the columns are linearly independent, s p a r k ( A ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {spark} (A)} is usually defined to be m + 1 {\displaystyle m+1} (if A {\displaystyle A ...

  3. Word2vec - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word2vec

    The idea of skip-gram is that the vector of a word should be close to the vector of each of its neighbors. The idea of CBOW is that the vector-sum of a word's neighbors should be close to the vector of the word. In the original publication, "closeness" is measured by softmax, but the framework allows other ways to measure closeness.

  4. Aggregate function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregate_function

    Sum; Others include: Nanmean (mean ignoring NaN values, also known as "nil" or "null") Stddev; Formally, an aggregate function takes as input a set, a multiset (bag), or a list from some input domain I and outputs an element of an output domain O. [1] The input and output domains may be the same, such as for SUM, or may be different, such as ...

  5. k-means clustering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-means_clustering

    Example image with only red and green channel (for illustration purposes) Vector quantization of colors present in the image above into Voronoi cells using k-means. Example: In the field of computer graphics, k-means clustering is often employed for color quantization in image compression. By reducing the number of colors used to represent an ...

  6. Algebraic data type - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_data_type

    One of the most common examples of an algebraic data type is the singly linked list. A list type is a sum type with two variants, Nil for an empty list and Cons x xs for the combination of a new element x with a list xs to create a new list. Here is an example of how a singly linked list would be declared in Haskell:

  7. Maximum subarray problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_subarray_problem

    For example, for the array of values [−2, 1, −3, 4, −1, 2, 1, −5, 4], the contiguous subarray with the largest sum is [4, −1, 2, 1], with sum 6. Some properties of this problem are: If the array contains all non-negative numbers, then the problem is trivial; a maximum subarray is the entire array.

  8. Prefix sum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix_sum

    Prefix sums are trivial to compute in sequential models of computation, by using the formula y i = y i − 1 + x i to compute each output value in sequence order. However, despite their ease of computation, prefix sums are a useful primitive in certain algorithms such as counting sort, [1] [2] and they form the basis of the scan higher-order function in functional programming languages.

  9. Data analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_analysis

    What is the sorted order of a set S of data cases according to their value of attribute A? - Order the cars by weight. - Rank the cereals by calories. 6 Determine Range: Given a set of data cases and an attribute of interest, find the span of values within the set. What is the range of values of attribute A in a set S of data cases?