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In the early modern era, European Jews were confined to ghettos and placed under strict regulations as well as restrictions in many European cities. [1] The character of ghettos fluctuated over the centuries. In some cases, they comprised a Jewish quarter, the area of a city traditionally inhabited by Jews. In many instances, ghettos were ...
In the cities of the occupied territory, Jewish ghettos were created, where the Nazis drove the entire Jewish population of the city and its environs under threat of death. The largest ghettos in the USSR were the Lvov and Minsk ghettos. Later, the ghetto population was exterminated or taken to death camps. [68] Deportation of Jews from Greece.
Jewish communists (1 C, 78 P) B. Bundists (2 C, 69 P) J. Jewish Socialist Workers Party politicians (3 P) L. ... United Jewish Socialist Workers Party politicians (3 P)
After World War II, internment camps were used by the Allied occupying forces to hold suspected Nazis, usually using the facilities of previous Nazi camps. They were all closed down by 1949. In East Germany the communist government used prison camps to hold political prisoners, opponents of the communist regime or suspected Nazi collaborators.
The first Jewish population in the region to be later known as Germany came with the Romans to the city now known as Cologne. A "Golden Age" in the first millennium saw the emergence of the Ashkenazi Jews, while the persecution and expulsion that followed the Crusades led to the creation of Yiddish and an overall shift eastwards.
Until the Holocaust, Jews were a significant part of the population of Eastern Europe. Outside Poland , the largest population was in the European part of the USSR , especially Ukraine (1.5 million in the 1930s), but major populations also existed in Hungary , Romania , and Czechoslovakia .
The Jewish communities of the cities of Mainz, Speyer and Worms became the center of Jewish life during medieval times. "This was a golden age as area bishops protected the Jews, resulting in increased trade and prosperity." [5] The First Crusade began an era of persecution of Jews in Germany. [6]