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The phragmoplast can only be observed in Phragmoplastophyta, a clade that includes the Coleochaetophyceae, Zygnematophyceae, Mesotaeniaceae, and Embryophyta (land plants). Some algae use another type of microtubule array, a phycoplast, during cytokinesis. [1] [2]
Cytokinesis in green algae occurs via a diverse range of mechanisms, including cleavage furrows in some algae and cell plates in others. Plants (= Chloroplastida ) of the clade Phragmoplastophyta (a subgroup of charophytes which includes the land plants , desmids , water silk , stoneworts etc.) use structures called phragmoplasts to organize ...
It is an important step in the emergence of land plants within the green algae. It is equivalent to the ZCC clade/grade, cladistically granting the Embryophyta. [5] The mitosis of Phragmoplastophyta takes place via a phragmoplast. Phragmoplast and cell plate formation in a plant cell during cytokinesis. Left side: Phragmoplast forms and cell ...
The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of four distinct phases: G 1 phase, S phase (synthesis), G 2 phase (collectively known as interphase) and M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis). M phase is itself composed of two tightly coupled processes: mitosis, in which the cell's nucleus divides, and cytokinesis, in which the cell's cytoplasm and cell membrane divides forming two daughter cells.
In some plants the gametophyte is not only small-sized but also short-lived; in other plants and many algae, the gametophyte is the "dominant" stage of the life cycle. [19] Haplodiplonts are: In archaeplastidans: red algae (which have two sporophyte generations), some green algae (e.g., Ulva), land plants [8] [9] In stramenopiles: most brown ...
The phragmoplast is a microtubule structure typical for higher plants, whereas some green algae use a phycoplast microtubule array during cytokinesis. [39]: 64–7, 328–9 Each daughter cell has a complete copy of the genome of its parent cell. The end of cytokinesis marks the end of the M-phase.
In the theory of symbiogenesis, a merger of an archaean and an aerobic bacterium created the eukaryotes, with aerobic mitochondria; a second merger added chloroplasts, creating the green plants. The original theory by Lynn Margulis proposed an additional preliminary merger, but this is poorly supported and not now generally believed. [1]
Dunaliella is a single-celled, photosynthetic green alga, that is characteristic for its ability to outcompete other organisms and thrive in hypersaline environments. [1] It is mostly a marine organism, though there are a few freshwater species that tend to be more rare. [2]