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Outer joins subdivide further into left outer joins, right outer joins, and full outer joins, depending on which table's rows are retained: left, right, or both (in this case left and right refer to the two sides of the JOIN keyword). Like inner joins, one can further sub-categorize all types of outer joins as equi-joins, natural joins, ON ...
It was devised by Moshé M. Zloof at IBM Research during the mid-1970s, in parallel to the development of SQL. [1] It is the first graphical query language, using visual tables where the user would enter commands, example elements and conditions. Many graphical front-ends for databases use the ideas from QBE today.
The relational algebra uses set union, set difference, and Cartesian product from set theory, and adds additional constraints to these operators to create new ones.. For set union and set difference, the two relations involved must be union-compatible—that is, the two relations must have the same set of attributes.
The sort-merge join (also known as merge join) is a join algorithm and is used in the implementation of a relational database management system. The basic problem of a join algorithm is to find, for each distinct value of the join attribute, the set of tuples in each relation which display that value. The key idea of the sort-merge algorithm is ...
algorithm nested_loop_join is for each tuple r in R do for each tuple s in S do if r and s satisfy the join condition then yield tuple <r,s> This algorithm will involve n r *b s + b r block transfers and n r +b r seeks, where b r and b s are number of blocks in relations R and S respectively, and n r is the number of tuples in relation R.
In addition to basic equality and inequality conditions, SQL allows for more complex conditional logic through constructs such as CASE, COALESCE, and NULLIF.The CASE expression, for example, enables SQL to perform conditional branching within queries, providing a mechanism to return different values based on evaluated conditions.
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The join operation defined for relational databases is often referred to as a natural join (⋈). In this type of join, two relations are connected by their common attributes. MySQL's approximation of a natural join is the Inner join operator. In SQL, an INNER JOIN prevents a cartesian product from occurring when there are two tables in a query.