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  2. Distillation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation

    Large-scale, industrial vacuum distillation column [49] This packing material can either be random or dumped packing (25–76 millimetres (1–3 in) wide) such as Raschig rings or structured sheet metal. Liquids tend to wet the surface of the packing and the vapors pass across this wetted surface, where mass transfer takes place. Unlike ...

  3. Fractionating column - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractionating_column

    A fractionating column or fractional column is equipment used in the distillation of liquid mixtures to separate the mixture into its component parts, or fractions, based on their differences in volatility. Fractionating columns are used in small-scale laboratory distillations as well as large-scale industrial distillations.

  4. Continuous distillation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_distillation

    When distilling crude oil or a similar feedstock, each fraction contains many components of similar volatility and other properties. Although it is possible to run a small-scale or laboratory continuous distillation, most often continuous distillation is used in a large-scale industrial process.

  5. Fractional distillation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_distillation

    Large-scale industrial towers use reflux to achieve a more complete separation of products. [5] Reflux refers to the portion of the condensed overhead liquid product from a distillation or fractionation tower that is returned to the upper part of the tower as shown in the schematic diagram of a typical, large-scale industrial distillation tower.

  6. Reflux - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflux

    The term reflux [1] [3] [4] is very widely used in industries that utilize large-scale distillation columns and fractionators such as petroleum refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants, and natural gas processing plants.

  7. Vacuum distillation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_distillation

    Vacuum distillation or distillation under reduced pressure is a type of distillation performed under reduced pressure, which allows the purification of compounds not readily distilled at ambient pressures or simply to save time or energy. This technique separates compounds based on differences in their boiling points.

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