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e. The Czochralski method, also Czochralski technique or Czochralski process, is a method of crystal growth used to obtain single crystals of semiconductors (e.g. silicon, germanium and gallium arsenide), metals (e.g. palladium, platinum, silver, gold), salts and synthetic gemstones. The method is named after Polish scientist Jan Czochralski ...
Crystalline silicon is the dominant semiconducting material used in photovoltaic technology for the production of solar cells. These cells are assembled into solar panels as part of a photovoltaic system to generate solar power from sunlight. In electronics, crystalline silicon is typically the monocrystalline form of silicon, and is used for ...
A silicon ingot. Monocrystalline silicon, more often called single-crystal silicon, in short mono c-Si or mono-Si, is the base material for silicon -based discrete components and integrated circuits used in virtually all modern electronic equipment. Mono-Si also serves as a photovoltaic, light-absorbing material in the manufacture of solar cells.
Bottom right: completed solar wafers. In electronics, a wafer (also called a slice or substrate) [ 1 ] is a thin slice of semiconductor, such as a crystalline silicon (c-Si, silicium), used for the fabrication of integrated circuits and, in photovoltaics, to manufacture solar cells. The wafer serves as the substrate for microelectronic devices ...
The band gap is called "direct" if the crystal momentum of electrons and holes is the same in both the conduction band and the valence band; an electron can directly emit a photon. In an "indirect" gap, a photon cannot be emitted because the electron must pass through an intermediate state and transfer momentum to the crystal lattice.
Multi-junction (MJ) solar cells are solar cells with multiple p–n junctions made of different semiconductor materials. Each material's p–n junction will produce electric current in response to different wavelengths of light. The use of multiple semiconducting materials allows the absorbance of a broader range of wavelengths, improving the ...
Crystal structure of table salt (sodium in purple, chlorine in green) In crystallography, crystal structure is a description of ordered arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline material. [1] Ordered structures occur from intrinsic nature of constituent particles to form symmetric patterns that repeat along the principal ...
A third process, full silicidation (FUSI) [168] was not pursued due to manufacturing problems. [169] Gate-first became dominant at the 22nm/20nm node. [170] [171] HKMG has been extended from planar transistors for use in FinFET and nanosheet transistors. [172] Hafnium silicon oxynitride can also be used instead of Hafnium oxide. [173] [174] [3 ...