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The combination of an inappropriate rapid heart rate response to exercise with heavy or rapid breathing is known as an exaggerated cardiorespiratory response to exercise. [3] Due to the confusion between muscle fatigue and muscle weakness, there have been instances of abnormal muscle fatigue being described as exercise-induced muscle weakness.
While fatigue is often prominent, it is "more than fatigue following a stressor". [6] Other symptoms that may occur during PEM include cognitive impairment, flu-like symptoms, pain, weakness, and trouble sleeping. [6] [4] Though typically cast as a worsening of existing symptoms, patients may experience some symptoms exclusively during PEM. [6]
Glutamate, one of the most common neurochemicals in the brain, is an excitatory neurotransmitter involved in many aspects of brain function, including learning and memory. [86] Based upon animal models, exercise appears to normalize the excessive levels of glutamate neurotransmission into the nucleus accumbens that occurs in drug addiction. [21]
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In the brain, serotonin is a neurotransmitter and regulates arousal, behavior, sleep, and mood, among other things. [9] During prolonged exercise where central nervous system fatigue is present, serotonin levels in the brain are higher than normal physiological conditions; these higher levels can increase perceptions of effort and peripheral muscle fatigue. [9]
During intense exercise, lactate has been estimated to provide a third of the brain's energy needs. [39] [42] There is evidence that the brain might, however, in spite of these alternative sources of energy, still suffer an energy crisis since IL-6 (a sign of metabolic stress) is released during exercise from the brain. [26] [34]
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It might happen for a few reasons. "An increase in salt in the diet, and sitting for long periods of time (like on a long flight) can all be reasons why people gain water weight," Michalczyk says.