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It is a selective inhibitor of the enzyme janus kinase 1 (JAK1). [15] It inhibits JAK1 by 28 fold of selectivity over JAK2 and more than 340 fold of selectivity over JAK3. Two mechanisms are involved in atopic dermatitis, one involves epidermal barrier disruptions, and the other one is cutaneous inflammation due to the immune system over response.
Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL13 gene. [4] [5] [6] IL-13 was first cloned in 1993 and is located on chromosome 5q31.1 with a length of 1.4kb. [4] It has a mass of 13 kDa and folds into 4 alpha helical bundles. [7]
A TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) binding protein is a monoclonal antibody or a circulating receptor such as infliximab (Remicade), etanercept (Enbrel), or adalimumab (Humira) that binds to TNF-α, preventing it from inducing the synthesis of IL-1 and IL-6 and the adhesion of lymphocyte-activating molecules.
human: CD25 (α chain of IL-2 receptor) B-cell Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia Camrelizumab [22] mab: humanized: PD-1: hepatocellular carcinoma: Canakinumab [43] Ilaris: mab: human: IL-1: Y: cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome, Yao's Syndrome, Adult Onset Still's Disease ...
Dupilumab blocks IL-4 receptors, inhibiting subsequent inflammatory activities of IL-4 and IL-13. [ 29 ] Tezepelumab binds to thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), which is an inflammatory cytokine in the airway epithelial cells involved in asthma exacerbations, inhibiting subsequent inflammatory responses.
[20] [21] IL-31 is a key cytokine at the pruritogenic receptors at neurons near the skin, and also induces peripheral blood mononuclear cells and keratinocytes to release pro-inflammatory cytokines. [16] Suppression of IL-4 and IL-13 causes a decrease of T h 2-cell differentiation, which plays a role in atopic dermatitis. [19]
Lebrikizumab, sold under the brand name Ebglyss is a humanized monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (atopic eczema). [ 7 ] [ 8 ] It is an interleukin-13 antagonist. [ 7 ] It is given by subcutaneous injection .
Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as atopic eczema, is a long-term type of inflammation of the skin. [2] Atopic dermatitis is also often called simply eczema but the same term is also used to refer to dermatitis, the larger group of skin conditions. [2] [5] Atopic dermatitis results in itchy, red, swollen, and cracked skin. [2]