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  2. Luminous gemstones - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_gemstones

    In India, the earliest country in which fine gemstones were known, belief in luminous gems dates back some twenty-five centuries. The c. 700 BCE – 300 CE Vishnu Purana states that Vishnu , in his avatar as the many-headed snake Shesha under the name Ananta ("Endless"), "has a thousand heads adorned with the mystical Swastika and in each head ...

  3. Jet (gemstone) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_(gemstone)

    Jet (gemstone) Jet is a type of lignite, [ 1] the lowest rank of coal, and is a gemstone. Unlike many gemstones, jet is not a mineral, but is rather a mineraloid. [ 2] It is derived from wood that has changed under extreme pressure. The English noun jet derives from the French word for the same material, jaiet (modern French jais ), ultimately ...

  4. Amethyst - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amethyst

    Amethyst. Amethyst is a violet variety of quartz. The name comes from the Koine Greek αμέθυστος amethystos from α- a-, "not" and μεθύσκω ( Ancient Greek) methysko / μεθώ metho ( Modern Greek ), "intoxicate", a reference to the belief that the stone protected its owner from drunkenness. [ 1]

  5. Diamond color - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_color

    Diamonds occur in a variety of colors—steel gray, white, blue, yellow, orange, red, green, pink to purple, brown, and black. [ 2][ 3] Colored diamonds contain interstitial impurities or structural defects that cause the coloration; pure diamonds are perfectly transparent and colorless.

  6. Turquoise - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquoise

    Turquoise. Turquoise is an opaque, blue-to-green mineral that is a hydrous phosphate of copper and aluminium, with the chemical formula Cu Al 6( PO 4)4( OH)8·4 H 2 O. It is rare and valuable in finer grades and has been prized as a gemstone for millennia due to its hue.

  7. Prasiolite - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasiolite

    Prasiolite (also known as green quartz, green amethyst or vermarine) is a green variety of quartz. Since 1950, almost all natural prasiolite has come from a small Brazilian mine, [citation needed] but it has also been mined in the Lower Silesia region of Poland. Naturally occurring prasiolite has also been found in the Thunder Bay area of ...

  8. Gemstone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstone

    Gemstone. Group of precious and semiprecious stones—both uncut and faceted—including ( clockwise from top left) diamond, uncut synthetic sapphire, ruby, uncut emerald, and amethyst crystal cluster. A gemstone (also called a fine gem, jewel, precious stone, semiprecious stone, or simply gem) is a piece of mineral crystal which, when cut or ...

  9. Cardinal gem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_gem

    Clockwise from top: sapphire, ruby, emerald, amethyst, diamond. Cardinal gems are gemstones which have traditionally been considered precious above all others. The classification of the cardinal gems dates back to antiquity, and was largely determined by ceremonial or religious use as well as rarity. [ 1] The term has largely fallen out of use.

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