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The daily portion of the discount uses a compounded interest formula with the principal recalculated every six months. The following table illustrates how to calculate the original issue discount for a $7,462 bond with a $10,000 repayment and a three-year maturity date: [2]
Here’s the formula for the tax-equivalent yield: Tax-equivalent yield = Municipal bond yield / (1 – your total tax rate) ... Your individual tax rate is a key factor in a muni bond’s tax ...
Given: 0.5-year spot rate, Z1 = 4%, and 1-year spot rate, Z2 = 4.3% (we can get these rates from T-Bills which are zero-coupon); and the par rate on a 1.5-year semi-annual coupon bond, R3 = 4.5%. We then use these rates to calculate the 1.5 year spot rate. We solve the 1.5 year spot rate, Z3, by the formula below:
Bond valuation is the process by which an investor arrives at an estimate of the theoretical fair value, or intrinsic worth, of a bond.As with any security or capital investment, the theoretical fair value of a bond is the present value of the stream of cash flows it is expected to generate.
For example, assume an investor in the 38% tax bracket is offered a municipal bond that has a tax-exempt yield of 1.0%. Using the formula above, the municipal bond's taxable equivalent yield is 1.6% (0.01/(1-0.38) = 0.016) - a figure which can be fairly compared to yields on taxable investments such as corporate or U.S. Treasury bonds for ...
The forward rate is the future yield on a bond. It is calculated using the yield curve . For example, the yield on a three-month Treasury bill six months from now is a forward rate .
Therefore, if interest rates fall and bond prices rise, a firm will benefit from the sinking fund provision that enables it to repurchase its bonds at below-market prices. In this case, the firm's gain is the bondholder's loss – thus callable bonds will typically be issued at a higher coupon rate, reflecting the value of the option.
The U.S. Postal Service, which has lost more than $100 billion since 2007, reported a net loss of $9.5 billion for its fiscal year ending Sept. 30, $3 billion more than last year, largely due to a ...