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As an example, given a concentration of 260 mg/m 3 at sea level, calculate the equivalent concentration at an altitude of 1,800 meters: C a = 260 × 0.9877 18 = 208 mg/m 3 at 1,800 meters altitude Standard conditions for gas volumes
Supercritical carbon dioxide (s CO 2 ) is a fluid state of carbon dioxide where it is held at or above its critical temperature and critical pressure . Carbon dioxide usually behaves as a gas in air at standard temperature and pressure (STP), or as a solid called dry ice when cooled and/or pressurised sufficiently.
Structure and properties Index of refraction, n D: 1.000449 at 589.3 nm and 0 °C [1]: Dielectric constant, ε r: 1.60 ε 0 at 0 °C, 50 atm : Average energy per C=O bond : 804.4 kJ/mol at 298 K (25 °C) [2]
Carbon dioxide is the lasing medium in a carbon-dioxide laser, which is one of the earliest type of lasers. Carbon dioxide can be used as a means of controlling the pH of swimming pools, [141] by continuously adding gas to the water, thus keeping the pH from rising. Among the advantages of this is the avoidance of handling (more hazardous) acids.
For example, a calculation of the mass of natural gas as fuel — which often contains carbon dioxide (CO 2), nitrogen (N 2), and various alkanes — includes the mass of the carbon dioxide, nitrogen and all alkanes in determining the value of m fuel. [2] For pure octane the stoichiometric mixture is approximately 15.1:1, or λ of 1.00 exactly.
An emission intensity (also carbon intensity or C.I.) is the emission rate of a given pollutant relative to the intensity of a specific activity, or an industrial production process; for example grams of carbon dioxide released per megajoule of energy produced, or the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions produced to gross domestic product (GDP).
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Mass fraction can also be expressed, with a denominator of 100, as percentage by mass (in commercial contexts often called percentage by weight, abbreviated wt.% or % w/w; see mass versus weight). It is one way of expressing the composition of a mixture in a dimensionless size ; mole fraction (percentage by moles , mol%) and volume fraction ...