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Amanita muscaria, commonly known as the fly agaric or fly amanita, [5] is a basidiomycete of the genus Amanita. It is a large white- gilled , white-spotted, and usually red mushroom. Despite its easily distinguishable features, A. muscaria is a fungus with several known variations, or subspecies .
The following is a list of species of the agaric genus Amanita.This genus contains over 500 named species and varieties and follows the classification of subgenera and sections of Amanita outline by Corner and Bas; Bas, [1] [2] as used by Tulloss (2007) and modified by Redhead & al. (2016) [3] for Amanita subgenus Amanitina and Singer for Amanita section Roanokenses.
Amanita muscaria var. formosa, known as the yellow orange fly agaric, is a hallucinogenic and poisonous [1] basidiomycete fungus of the genus Amanita.This variety, which can sometimes be distinguished from most other A. muscaria by its yellow cap, is a European taxon, although several North American field guides have referred A. muscaria var. guessowii to this name. [2]
The genus Amanita was first published with its current meaning by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1797. [1] Under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, Persoon's concept of Amanita, with Amanita muscaria (L.) Pers. as the type species, has been officially conserved against the older Amanita Boehm (1760), which is considered a synonym of Agaricus L. [2]
Nearly all species are terrestrial (a few are aquatic), occurring in a wide range of environments where most function as decayers, especially of wood. However, some species are pathogenic or parasitic , and yet others are symbiotic (i.e., mutualistic ), these including the important ectomycorrhizal symbionts of forest trees.
The deadly Amanita phalloides is found under Oak in urban Canberra and Melbourne and has caused deaths. There are concerns at least one of them, Amanita muscaria is spreading into (and forming new mycorrhizal associations with) native Nothofagus woodland and possibly displacing local species. [21]
Other examples, including species which have gained a cosmopolitan distribution as a result of human assistance, include humans, cats, dogs, the western honey bee, brown rats, the mushroom Amanita muscaria, [12] the foliose lichen Parmelia sulcata, and the mollusc genus Mytilus. [13] The term can also apply to some diseases.
Amanita muscaria var. muscaria, known as the yellow fly agaric, is a variety of Amanita muscaria. Rodham Tulloss , and other experts on fungi, limit the habitat of this fly agaric variation to Eurasia and western Alaska .