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The coefficient of performance, and the work required by a heat pump can be calculated easily by considering an ideal heat pump operating on the reversed Carnot cycle: If the low-temperature reservoir is at a temperature of 270 K (−3 °C) and the interior of the building is at 280 K (7 °C) the relevant coefficient of performance is 27.
In addition, the low operating temperature of the cold-heating networks makes it possible to feed otherwise hardly usable low-temperature waste heat into the network in an uncomplicated manner. At the same time, the low operating temperature significantly reduces the heat losses of the heating network, which limits the energy losses, especially ...
Thermodynamic heat pump cycles or refrigeration cycles are the conceptual and mathematical models for heat pump, air conditioning and refrigeration systems. [1] A heat pump is a mechanical system that transmits heat from one location (the "source") at a certain temperature to another location (the "sink" or "heat sink") at a higher temperature. [2]
"Cold climate" heat pumps are designed to optimize efficiency below 0 °F (−18 °C). As of 2023 heat pumps are marketed that will extract heat from outdoor temperatures as low as −40 °F (−40 °C). In the case of cold climates, water or ground-source heat pumps are often the most efficient solution.
The EU standard test conditions for an air source heat pump is at dry-bulb temperature of 20 °C (68 °F) for and 7 °C (44.6 °F) for . [9] Given sub-zero European winter temperatures, real world heating performance is significantly poorer than such standard COP figures imply.
P-T Diagram showing the temperature gliding in binary heat pump. This behaviour increase the efficiency of ACHP Ammonia toxicity is the main drawback of ACHP. The main advantage with respect to compression heat pump is that the compression-absorption heat pumps allow the heat to be transfer with a temperature glide.
For low-temperature heat sources of 15–25 °C, driven by a small amount of high-temperature heat sources (such as high-temperature steam or direct combustion), cold water at a temperature of 7–15 °C and hot water at a temperature above 47 °C can be prepared. 1.2, >1.5 when heating. [4]
These heat pumps are also preferred for pool heating. Heat pumps typically only heat water to about 55 °C (131 °F) efficiently, whereas boilers typically operate at 65–95 °C (149–203 °F) [citation needed]. The size of radiators designed for the higher temperatures achieved by boilers may be too small for use with heat pumps, requiring ...