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Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a condition in which there is compression of the nerves, arteries, or veins in the superior thoracic aperture, the passageway from the lower neck to the armpit, also known as the thoracic outlet. [1] There are three main types: neurogenic, venous, and arterial. [1]
The superior thoracic aperture, also known as the thoracic outlet, or thoracic inlet refers to the opening at the top of the thoracic cavity. [1] It is also clinically referred to as the thoracic outlet, in the case of thoracic outlet syndrome. A lower thoracic opening is the inferior thoracic aperture.
Pectoralis minor syndrome (PMS) is a condition related to thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) that results from the pectoralis minor muscle being too tight. [1] PMS results from the brachial plexus being compressed under the pectoralis minor [2] while TOS involves compression of the bundle above the clavicle. In most patients, the nerves are ...
The syndrome also became known as "effort-induced thrombosis" in the 1960s, [3] as it has been reported to occur after vigorous activity, [4] though it can also occur due to anatomic abnormality such as clavicle impingement [5] or spontaneously. It may develop as a sequela of thoracic outlet syndrome.
A 2006 Canadian study found exercise in leisure time was strongly associated with decreased risk of developing an RSI. [20] Doctors sometimes recommend that those with RSI engage in specific strengthening exercises, for example to improve sitting posture, reduce excessive kyphosis, and potentially thoracic outlet syndrome. [21]
There are two openings of the thoracic cavity, a superior thoracic aperture known as the thoracic inlet and a lower inferior thoracic aperture known as the thoracic outlet. The thoracic cavity includes the tendons as well as the cardiovascular system which could be damaged from injury to the back, spine or the neck.
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force released a draft recommendation advising against using vitamin D to prevent falls and fractures in people over 60. Pharmacist Katy Dubinsky weighs in.
[7] [8] [10] However, they vary widely in size and shape, [7] and in rare cases, they may cause problems such as contributing to thoracic outlet syndrome, [11] because of pressure on the nerves that may be caused by the presence of the rib. [11] [13] A cervical rib represents a persistent ossification of the C7 lateral costal element.