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Any non-linear differentiable function, (,), of two variables, and , can be expanded as + +. If we take the variance on both sides and use the formula [11] for the variance of a linear combination of variables (+) = + + (,), then we obtain | | + | | +, where is the standard deviation of the function , is the standard deviation of , is the standard deviation of and = is the ...
In particular, there is a systematic methodology to solve the numerical coefficients {(a n,b n)} N n = 1 that yield a minimax approximation or bound for the closely related Q-function : Q ( x ) ≈ Q̃ ( x ) , Q ( x ) ≤ Q̃ ( x ) , or Q ( x ) ≥ Q̃ ( x ) for x ≥ 0 .
The number of digits in which a n and g n agree (underlined) approximately doubles with each iteration. The arithmetic–geometric mean of 24 and 6 is the common limit of these two sequences, which is approximately 13.458 171 481 725 615 420 766 813 156 974 399 243 053 838 8544.
On a single-step or immediate-execution calculator, the user presses a key for each operation, calculating all the intermediate results, before the final value is shown. [1] [2] [3] On an expression or formula calculator, one types in an expression and then presses a key, such as "=" or "Enter", to evaluate the expression.
The elements of an arithmetico-geometric sequence () are the products of the elements of an arithmetic progression (in blue) with initial value and common difference , = + (), with the corresponding elements of a geometric progression (in green) with initial value and common ratio , =, so that [4]
Variable length arithmetic represents numbers as a string of digits of a variable's length limited only by the memory available. Variable-length arithmetic operations are considerably slower than fixed-length format floating-point instructions.
The arithmetic mean, or less precisely the average, of a list of n numbers x 1, x 2, . . . , x n is the sum of the numbers divided by n: + + +. The geometric mean is similar, except that it is only defined for a list of nonnegative real numbers, and uses multiplication and a root in place of addition and division:
In the IEEE standard the base is binary, i.e. =, and normalization is used.The IEEE standard stores the sign, exponent, and significand in separate fields of a floating point word, each of which has a fixed width (number of bits).