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If the electrical axis is between -30° and -90° this is considered left axis deviation. If the electrical axis is between +90° and +180° this is considered right axis deviation (RAD). RAD is an ECG finding that arises either as an anatomically normal variant or an indicator of underlying pathology.
To interpret the cardiac axis, one has to determine the relationship between the QRS axis and limb leads of the ECG. Usually, left ventricles makes up most of the heart muscles, so a normal cardiac axis is directed downward and slightly to the left. In a normal axis, QRS is between -30° and +90°.
There should be a terminal R wave in lead V 1 (often called "R prime," and denoted by R, rR', rsR', rSR', or qR). There must be a prolonged S wave in leads I and V 6 (sometimes referred to as a "slurred" S wave). The T wave should be deflected opposite the terminal deflection of the QRS complex.
The hexaxial reference system is a diagram that is used to determine the heart's electrical axis in the frontal plane. The hexaxial reference system, better known as the Cabrera system, is a convention to present the extremity leads of the 12 lead electrocardiogram, [1] that provides an illustrative logical sequence that helps interpretation of the ECG, especially to determine the heart's ...
Ectopic beat is a disturbance of the cardiac rhythm frequently related to the electrical conduction system of the heart, in which beats arise from fibers or group of fibers outside the region in the heart muscle ordinarily responsible for impulse formation (i.e., the sinoatrial node).
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Right Atrial Enlargement (RAE) increases the p wave, representing atrial depolarization, on an ECG to an amplitude > 2.5mm in lead II, an abnormality referred to as p-pulmonale, likely due to weakened right atrial myocardium close to the Sinoatrial (SA) node. [9]
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