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The 45-degree line represents an aggregate supply curve which embodies the idea that, as long as the economy is operating at less than full employment, anything demanded will be supplied. Aggregate expenditure and aggregate income are measured by dividing the money value of all goods produced in the economy in a given year by a price index.
Whereas the long-run aggregate supply curve (LRAS) is vertical, the short-run aggregate supply curve will have a positive slope [5]: 377 or, in the extreme case of a completely constant price level, be horizontal. [5]: 268 The equation for the aggregate supply curve in general terms may be written as
The IS-LM model uses two equations to express Keynes' model. The first, now written I (Y, r) = S (Y,r), expresses the principle of effective demand. We may construct a graph on (Y, r) coordinates and draw a line connecting those points satisfying the equation: this is the IS curve.
Average propensity to consume (APC) (as well as the marginal propensity to consume) is a concept developed by John Maynard Keynes to analyze the consumption function, which is a formula where total consumption expenditures (C) of a household consist of autonomous consumption (C a) and income (Y) (or disposable income (Y d)) multiplied by marginal propensity to consume (c 1 or MPC).
An increase in government expenditures or decrease in taxes, therefore leads to an increase in GDP as government expenditures are a component of aggregate demand. net exports ( N X {\displaystyle NX} and sometimes ( X − M {\displaystyle X-M} )), net demand by the rest of the world for the country's output.
Aggregate supply curve showing the three ranges: Keynesian, Intermediate, and Classical. In the Classical range, the economy is producing at full employment. In economics , aggregate supply ( AS ) or domestic final supply ( DFS ) is the total supply of goods and services that firms in a national economy plan on selling during a specific time ...
Its simplest form is the linear consumption function used frequently in simple Keynesian models: [4] = + where is the autonomous consumption that is independent of disposable income; in other words, consumption when disposable income is zero.
Aggregate income [1] [2] [3] is the total of all incomes in an economy without adjustments for inflation, taxation, or types of double counting. [4] Aggregate income is a form of GDP that is equal to Consumption expenditure plus net profits. 'Aggregate income' in economics is a broad conceptual term.