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An explorative study found, however, that 3- to 5-month-old infants can be taught independent standing, which was considered safe. [32] Passes objects between hands. [31] Some infantile reflexes, such as the palmar grasp reflex, go away. [31] Grabs objects using a raking grasp, where fingers rake at objects to pick them up. [31]
Infant cognitive development is the first stage of human cognitive development, in the youngest children. The academic field of infant cognitive development studies of how psychological processes involved in thinking and knowing develop in young children. [ 1 ]
Early childhood development is the period of rapid physical, psychological and social growth and change that begins before birth and extends into early childhood. [1] While early childhood is not well defined, one source asserts that the early years begin in utero and last until 3 years of age.
Defects in neural development can lead to malformations such as holoprosencephaly, and a wide variety of neurological disorders including limb paresis and paralysis, balance and vision disorders, and seizures, [1] and in humans other disorders such as Rett syndrome, Down syndrome and intellectual disability. [2]
The reflex normally integrates by three to four months of age, [12] though it may last up to six months. [13] Bilateral absence of the reflex may be linked to damage to the infant's central nervous system , while a unilateral absence could mean an injury due to birth trauma (e.g., a fractured clavicle or injury to the brachial plexus ).
The development of the nervous system in humans, or neural development, or neurodevelopment involves the studies of embryology, developmental biology, and neuroscience.These describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which the complex nervous system forms in humans, develops during prenatal development, and continues to develop postnatally.
By about 8–12 months, they go through a fairly rapid change and become fearful of perceived threats. [113] By around 6–36 months, infants begin to prefer familiar people and show anxiety and distress when separated from them, and when approached by strangers. [114] Separation anxiety is a typical stage of development to an extent.
The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (version 4 was released September 2019) is a standard series of measurements originally developed by psychologist Nancy Bayley used primarily to assess the development of infants and toddlers, ages 1–42 months. [1]